Description

Reserved words cannot be used as identifiers.

Syntax

ReservedWord ::

Keyword
FutureReservedWord
NullLiteral
BooleanLiteral

The following tokens are ECMAScript keywords and may not be used as identifiers in ECMAScript programs.

Syntax

Keyword :: one of

break	for	new	var
continue	function	return	void
delete	if	this	while
else	in	typeof	with

The following words are used as keywords in proposed extensions and are therefore reserved to allow for the possibility of future adoption of those extensions.

Syntax

FutureReservedWord :: one of

abstract	do	import	short
boolean	double	instanceof	static
byte	enum	int	super
case	export	interface	switch
catch	extends	long	synchronized
char	final	native	throw
class	finally	package	throws
const	float	private	transient
debugger	goto	protected	try
default	implements	public	volatile

Syntax

NullLiteral ::

null

Semantics

The value of the null literal null is the sole value of the Null type, namely null .

Syntax

BooleanLiteral ::

true
false

true false

Semantics

The value of the Boolean literal true is a value of the Boolean type, namely true .

The value of the Boolean literal false is a value of the Boolean type, namely false .

Syntax

NumericLiteral ::

DecimalLiteral
HexIntegerLiteral

DecimalLiteral ::

DecimalIntegerLiteral . DecimalDigits_opt ExponentPart_opt
. DecimalDigits ExponentPart_opt
DecimalIntegerLiteral ExponentPart_opt

DecimalIntegerLiteral ::

0
NonZeroDigit DecimalDigits_opt

DecimalDigits ::

DecimalDigit
DecimalDigits DecimalDigit

NonZeroDigit :: one of

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

ExponentPart :::

ExponentIndicator SignedInteger

ExponentIndicator :: one of

e E

SignedInteger ::

DecimalDigits
+ DecimalDigits
- DecimalDigits

HexIntegerLiteral ::

0x HexDigit
0X HexDigit
HexIntegerLiteral HexDigit

HexDigit :: one of

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f A B C D E F

OctalIntegerLiteral ::

0 OctalDigit
OctalIntegerLiteral OctalDigit

OctalDigit :: one of

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Semantics

A numeric literal stands for a value of the Number type. This value is determined in two steps: first, a mathematical value (MV) is derived from the literal; second, if this mathematical value is not representable using the number type, it is rounded to either the nearest representable value type above the mathematical value or the nearest representable value below the mathematical value.

The rounding mechanism is unspecified, but implementations are encouraged to use IEEE 754 round-to-nearest.

• The MV of NumericLiteral:: DecimalLiteral is the MV of DecimalLiteral.
• The MV of NumericLiteral:: HexIntegerLiteral is the MV of HexIntegerLiteral.
• The MV of NumericLiteral:: OctalIntegerLiteral is the MV of OctalIntegerLiteral.
• • The MV of DecimalLiteral:: DecimalIntegerLiteral. . is the MV of DecimalIntegerLiteral.
• The MV of DecimalLiteral :: DecimalIntegerLiteral. DecimalDigits is the MV of DecimalIntegerLiteral plus (the MV of DecimalDigits times 10⁻ⁿ ), where n is the number of characters in DecimalDigits.
• The MV of DecimalLiteral :: DecimalIntegerLiteral . ExponentPart is the MV of DecimalIntegerLiteral times 10^e, where e is the MV of ExponentPart .
• The MV of DecimalLiteral :: DecimalIntegerLiteral . DecimalDigits ExponentPart is (the MV of DecimalIntegerLiteral plus (the MV of DecimalDigits times 10-ⁿ)) times 10^e, where n is the number of characters in DecimalDigits and e is the MV of ExponentPart .
• The MV of DecimalLiteral ::. DecimalDigits is the MV of DecimalDigits times 10⁻ⁿ , where n is the number of characters in DecimalDigits .
• The MV of DecimalLiteral ::. DecimalDigits ExponentPart is the MV of DecimalDigits times 10^e−n , where n is the number of characters in DecimalDigits and e is the MV of ExponentPart .
• The MV of DecimalLiteral:: DecimalIntegerLiteral is the MV of DecimalIntegerLiteral.
• The MV of DecimalLiteral: DecimalIntegerLiteral ExponentPart is the MV of DecimalIntegerLiteral times 10^e, where e is the MV of ExponentPart.
• The MV of DecimalIntegerLiteral :: 0 is 0.
• The MV of DecimalIntegerLiteral:: NonZeroDigit DecimalDigits is (the MV of NonZeroDigit times 10ⁿ ) plus the MV of DecimalDigits, where n is the number of characters in DecimalDigits.
• The MV of DecimalDigits:: DecimalDigit is the MV of DecimalDigit.
• The MV of DecimalDigits :: DecimalDigits DecimalDigit is (the MV of DecimalDigits times 10) plus the MV of DecimalDigit .
• The MV of ExponentPart: ExponentIndicator SignedInteger is the MV of SignedInteger.
• The MV of SignedInteger: DecimalDigits is the MV of DecimalDigits.
• The MV of SignedInteger:: + DecimalDigits is the MV of DecimalDigits.
• The MV of SignedInteger:: DecimalDigits is the negative of the MV of DecimalDigits.
• The MV of DecimalDigit :: 0 or of HexDigit :: 0 or of OctalDigit :: 0 is 0.
• The MV of DecimalDigit :: 1 or of NonZeroDigit :: 1 or of HexDigit :: 1 or of OctalDigit :: 1 is 1.
• The MV of DecimalDigit :: 2 or of NonZeroDigit :: 2 or of HexDigit :: 2 or of OctalDigit :: 2 is 2.
• The MV of DecimalDigit :: 3 or of NonZeroDigit :: 3 or of HexDigit :: 3 or of OctalDigit :: 3 is 3.
• The MV of DecimalDigit :: 4 or of NonZeroDigit :: 4 or of HexDigit :: 4 or of OctalDigit :: 4 is 4.
• The MV of DecimalDigit :: 5 or of NonZeroDigit :: 5 or of HexDigit :: 5 or of OctalDigit :: 5 is 5.
• The MV of DecimalDigit :: 6 or of NonZeroDigit :: 6 or of HexDigit :: 6 or of OctalDigit :: 6 is 6.
• The MV of DecimalDigit :: 7 or of NonZeroDigit :: 7 or of HexDigit :: 7 or of OctalDigit :: 7 is 7.
• The MV of DecimalDigit :: 8 or of NonZeroDigit :: 8 or of HexDigit :: 8 is 8.
• The MV of DecimalDigit :: 9 or of NonZeroDigit :: 9 or of HexDigit :: 9 is 9.
• The MV of HexDigit :: a or of HexDigit :: A is 10.
• The MV of HexDigit :: b or of HexDigit :: B is 11.
• The MV of HexDigit :: c or of HexDigit :: c is 12.
• The MV of HexDigit :: d or of HexDigit :: D is 13.
• The MV of HexDigit :: e or of HexDigit :: E is 14.
• The MV of HexDigit :: f or of HexDigit :: F is 15.
• The MV of HexIntegerLiteral :: 0x HexDigit is the MV of HexDigit.
• The MV of HexIntegerLiteral :: 0x HexDigit is the MV of HexDigit.
• The MV of HexIntegerLiteral:: HexIntegerLiteral HexDigit is (the MV of HexIntegerLiteral times 16) plus the MV of HexDigit.
• The MV of OctalIntegerLiteral :: 0 OctalDigit is the MV of OctalDigit.

- The MV of OctalIntegerLiteral :: OctalIntegerLiteral OctalDigit is (the MV of OctalIntegerLiteral times 8) plus the MV of OctalDigit .

Once the exact MV for a numeric literal has been determined, it is then rounded to a value of the Number type. If the MV is 0, then the rounded value is +0 ; otherwise, the rounded value must be the number value for the MV (in the sense defined in section8.5), unless the literal is a DecimalLiteral and the literal has more than 20 significant digits, in which case the number value may be either the number value for the MV of a literal produced by replacing each significant digit after the 20th with a 0 digit or the number value for the MV of a literal produced by replacing each significant digit after the 20th with a 0 digit and then incrementing the literal at the 20th significant digit position. A digit is significant if it is not part of an ExponentPart and

• it is not 0; or
• there is a nonzero digit to its left and there is a nonzero digit, not in the ExponentPart , to its right.

A string literal is zero or more characters enclosed in single or double quotes. Each character may be represented by an escape sequence.

Syntax

StringLiteral ::

" DoubleStringCharacters_opt "
' SingleStringCharacters_opt '

DoubleStringCharacters ::

DoubleStringCharacter DoubleStringCharacters_opt

SingleStringCharacters ::

SingleStringCharacter SingleStringCharacters_opt

DoubleStringCharacter ::

SourceCharacter but not double-quote " or backslash \ or LineTerminator
EscapeSequence

SourceCharacter but not double-quote " or backslash \ or LineTerminator EscapeSequence

SingleStringCharacter ::

SourceCharacter but not single-quote ' or backslash \ or LineTerminator
EscapeSequence

SourceCharacter but not single-quote ' or backslash \ or LineTerminator EscapeSequence

EscapeSequence ::

CharacterEscapeSequence
OctalEscapeSequence
HexEscapeSequence
UnicodeEscapeSequence

CharacterEscapeSequence ::

\ SingleEscapeCharacter
\ NonEscapeCharacter

SingleEscapeCharacter :: one of

' " \ b f n r t

NonEscapeCharacter ::

SourceCharacter but not EscapeCharacter or LineTerminator

SourceCharacter but not EscapeCharacter or LineTerminator

EscapeCharacter ::

SingleEscapeCharacter
OctalDigit
x
u

HexEscapeSequence ::

\x HexDigit HexDigit

OctalEscapeSequence ::

\ OctalDigit
\ OctalDigit OctalDigit
\ ZeroToThree OctalDigit OctalDigit

ZeroToThree :: one of

0 1 2 3

UnicodeEscapeSequence ::

\u HexDigit HexDigit HexDigit HexDigit

The definitions of the nonterminals HexDigit and OctalDigit are given in section 7.7.3. SourceCharacter is described in sections 2 and 6.

A string literal stands for a value of the String type. The string value (SV) of the literal is described in terms of character values (CV) contributed by the various parts of the string literal. As part of this process, some characters within the string literal are interpreted as having a mathematical value (MV), as described below or in section 7.7.3.

• -The SV of StringLiteral :: "" is the empty character sequence .
• -The SV of StringLiteral :: '' is the empty character sequence.
• -The SV of StringLiteral :: " DoubleStringCharacters " is the SV of DoubleStringCharacters .
• -The SV of StringLiteral :: ' SingleStringCharacters ' is the SV of SingleStringCharacters .
• - The SV of DoubleStringCharacters :: DoubleStringCharacter is a sequence of one character, the CV of DoubleStringCharacter .
• - The SV of DoubleStringCharacters :: DoubleStringCharacter DoubleStringCharacters is a sequence of the CV of DoubleStringCharacter followed by all the characters in the SV of DoubleStringCharacters in order.
• - The SV of SingleStringCharacters :: SingleStringCharacter is a sequence of one character, the CV of SingleStringCharacter .
• - The SV of SingleStringCharacters :: SingleStringCharacter SingleStringCharacters is a sequence of the CV of SingleStringCharacter followed by all the characters in the SV of SingleStringCharacters in order.
• - The CV of DoubleStringCharacter :: SourceCharacter but not double-quote " or backslash \ or LineTerminator is the SourceCharacter character itself.
• -The CV of DoubleStringCharacter :: EscapeSequence is the CV of the EscapeSequence .
• The CV of SingleStringCharacter:: SourceCharacter but not single-quote ' or backslash \ or LineTerminator is the SourceCharacter character itself.
• The CV of SingleStringCharacter:: EscapeSequence is the CV of the EscapeSequence.
• The CV of EscapeSequence :: CharacterEscapeSequence is the CV of the CharacterEscapeSequence.
• The CV of EscapeSequence :: OctalEscapeSequence is the CV of the OctalEscapeSequence.
• The CV of EscapeSequence :: HexEscapeSequence is the CV of the HexEscapeSequence.
• The CV of EscapeSequence:: UnicodeEscapeSequence is the CV of the UnicodeEscapeSequence.
• The CV of CharacterEscapeSequence:: \ SingleEscapeCharacter is the Unicode character whose Unicode value is determined by the SingleEscapeCharacter according to the following table:

Escape Sequence	Unicode Value	Name	Symbol
\b	\u0008	backspace	<BS>
\t	\u0009	horizontal tab	<HT>
\n	\u000A	line feed (new line)	<LF>
\f	\u000C	form feed	<FF>
\r	\u000D	carriage return	<CR>
\"	\u0022	double quote	"
\'	\u0027	single quote	'
\\	\u005C	backslash	\

• • The CV of CharacterEscapeSequence :: \ \ ∖ NonEscapeCharacter is the CV of the NonEscapeCharacter.
• The CV of NonEscapeCharacter :: SourceCharacter but not EscapeCharacter or LineTerminator is the SourceCharacter character itself.
• The CV of HexEscapeSequence :: \ x HexDigit HexDigit is the Unicode character whose code is (16 times the MV of the first HexDigit ) plus the MV of the second HexDigit .
• The CV of OctalEscapeSequence :: \ OctalDigit is the Unicode character whose code is the MV of the OctalDigit.
• The CV of OctalEscapeSequence :: \ OctalDigit OctalDigit is the Unicode character whose code is (8 times the MV of the first OctalDigit) plus the MV of the second OctalDigit.
• The CV of OctalEscapeSequence :: \ ZeroToThree OctalDigit OctalDigit is the Unicode character whose code is (64 (that is, 8²) times the MV of the ZeroToThree) plus (8 times the MV of the first OctalDigit) plus the MV of the second OctalDigit.
• The MV of ZeroToThree :: 0 is 0.
• The MV of ZeroToThree :: 1 is 1.
• The MV of ZeroToThree :: 2 is 2.
• The MV of ZeroToThree :: 3 is 3.
• The CV of UnicodeEscapeSequence :: \u HexDigit HexDigit HexDigit HexDigit is the Unicode character whose code is (4096 (that is, 16³) times the MV of the first HexDigit) plus (256 (that is, 16²) times the MV of the second HexDigit) plus (16 times the MV of the third HexDigit) plus the MV of the fourth HexDigit.

NOTE A LineTerminator character cannot appear in a string literal, even if preceded by a backslash \ . The correct way to cause a line terminator character to be part of the string value of a string literal is to use an escape sequence such as \n or \u000A .

1. - When, as the program is parsed from left to right, a token (called the offending token ) is encountered that is not allowed by any production of the grammar and the parser is not currently parsing the header of a for statement, then a semicolon is automatically inserted before the offending token if one or more of the following conditions is true:
   • The offending token is separated from the previous token by at least one LineTerminator .
   • The offending token is } .
2. - When, as the program is parsed from left to right, the end of the input stream of tokens is encountered and the parser is unable to parse the input token stream as a single complete ECMAScript Program , then a semicolon is automatically inserted at the end of the input stream.

However, there is an additional overriding condition on the preceding rules: a semicolon is never inserted automatically if the semicolon would then be parsed as an empty statement.

1. - When, as the program is parsed from left to right, a token is encountered that is allowed by some production of the grammar, but the production is a restricted production and the token would be the first token for a terminal or nonterminal immediately following the annotation "[no LineTerminator here]" within the restricted production (and therefore such a token is called a restricted token), and the restricted token is separated from the previous token by at least one LineTerminator , then there are two cases:
   • If the parser is not currently parsing the header of a for statement, a semicolon is automatically inserted before the restricted token.
   • If the parser is currently parsing the header of a for statement, it is a syntax error.

These are the only restricted productions in the grammar:

PostfixExpression :

LeftHandSideExpression [no LineTerminator here] ++ LeftHandSideExpression [no LineTerminator here] --

ReturnStatement :

return [no LineTerminator here] Expression_opt ;

The practical effect of these restricted productions is as follows:

1. When the token ++ or -- is encountered where the parser would treat it as a postfix operator, and at least one LineTerminator occurred between the preceding token and the ++ or -- token, then a semicolon is automatically inserted before the ++ or -- token.
2. When the token return is encountered and a LineTerminator is encountered before the next token is encountered, a semicolon is automatically inserted after the token return .

The resulting practical advice to ECMAScript programmers is:

1. A postfix ++ or -- operator should appear on the same line as its operand.
2. An Expression in a return statement should start on the same line as the return token.

The source

{ 1 2 } 3

is not a valid sentence in the ECMAScript grammar, even with the automatic semicolon insertion rules. In contrast, the source

{ 1
2 } 3

is also not a valid ECMAScript sentence, but is transformed by automatic semicolon insertion into the following:

{ 1
;2 ;} 3;

which is a valid ECMAScript sentence.

The source

for (a; b
)

is not a valid ECMAScript sentence and is not altered by automatic semicolon insertion because the place where a semicolon is needed is within the header of a for statement. Automatic semicolon insertion never occurs within the header of a for statement.

The source

return

a + b

is transformed by automatic semicolon insertion into the following:

return;
a + b;

NOTE The expression a + b is not treated as a value to be returned by the return statement, because a LineTerminator separates it from the token return .

The source

a = b ++c

is transformed by automatic semicolon insertion into the following:

a = b;
++c;

NOTE The token ++ is not treated as a postfix operator applying to the variable b , because a LineTerminator occurs between b and ++ .

The source

if (a > b)
else c = d

is not a valid ECMAScript sentence and is not altered by automatic semicolon insertion before the else token, even though no production of the grammar applies at that point, because an automatically inserted semicolon would then be parsed as an empty statement.

The source

a = b + c
(d + e).print()

is not transformed by automatic semicolon insertion, because the parenthesised expression that begins the second line can be interpreted as an argument list for a function call:

a = b + c(d + e).print()

In the circumstance that an assignment statement must begin with a left parenthesis, it is a good idea for the programmer to provide an explicit semicolon at the end of the preceding statement rather than to rely on automatic semicolon insertion.