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ECMA-262, 9th, ES2018

ECMA-262, 18th, ES2027 draft
ECMA-262, 17th, ES2026 candidate
ECMA-262, 16th, ES2025
ECMA-262, 15th, ES2024
ECMA-262, 14th, ES2023
ECMA-262, 13th, ES2022
ECMA-262, 12th, ES2021
ECMA-262, 11th, ES2020
ECMA-262, 10th, ES2019
ECMA-262, 9th, ES2018
ECMA-262, 8th, ES2017
ECMA-262, 7th, ES2016
ECMA-262, 6th, ES2015
ECMA-262, 5.1 Edition, June 2011
ECMA-262, 3rd Edition, December 1999
ECMA-262, 2nd Edition, August 1998
ECMA-262, 1st Edition, June 1997

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Full read · ~16h 58m

Introduction5 min
1 Scope1 min
2 Conformance1 min
3 Normative References1 min
4 Overview15 min
5 Notational Conventions22 min
6 ECMAScript Data Types and Values46 min
7 Abstract Operations39 min
8 Executable Code and Execution Contexts52 min
9 Ordinary and Exotic Objects Behaviours1h 10m
10 ECMAScript Language: Source Code5 min
11 ECMAScript Language: Lexical Grammar36 min
12 ECMAScript Language: Expressions1h
13 ECMAScript Language: Statements and Declarations1h
14 ECMAScript Language: Functions and Classes50 min
15 ECMAScript Language: Scripts and Modules43 min
16 Error Handling and Language Extensions4 min
17 ECMAScript Standard Built-in Objects4 min
18 The Global Object22 min
19 Fundamental Objects33 min
20 Numbers and Dates1h 3m
21 Text Processing1h 40m
22 Indexed Collections1h 25m
23 Keyed Collections29 min
24 Structured Data46 min
25 Control Abstraction Objects51 min
26 Reflection5 min
27 Memory Model20 min
Annex A (informative) Grammar Summary2 min
Annex B (normative) Additional ECMAScript Features for Web Browsers33 min
Annex C (informative) The Strict Mode of ECMAScript3 min
Annex D (informative) Corrections and Clarifications in ECMAScript 2015 with Possible Compatibility Impact2 min
Annex E (informative) Additions and Changes That Introduce Incompatibilities with Prior Editions8 min
Annex F (informative) Colophon1 min
Annex G (informative) Bibliography1 min
Glossary

1 Scope

This Standard defines the ECMAScript 2018 general-purpose programming language.

Introduction 2 Conformance

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About2026 © ECMA-262 Restyled

ECMA-262, 18th, ES2027 draft ECMA-262, 17th, ES2026 candidate ECMA-262, 16th, ES2025 ECMA-262, 15th, ES2024 ECMA-262, 14th, ES2023 ECMA-262, 13th, ES2022 ECMA-262, 12th, ES2021 ECMA-262, 11th, ES2020 ECMA-262, 10th, ES2019

ECMA-262, 9th, ES2018 ECMA-262, 8th, ES2017 ECMA-262, 7th, ES2016 ECMA-262, 6th, ES2015 ECMA-262, 5.1 Edition, June 2011 ECMA-262, 3rd Edition, December 1999 ECMA-262, 2nd Edition, August 1998 ECMA-262, 1st Edition, June 1997