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14 ECMAScript Language: Functions and Classes

Note

Various ECMAScript language elements cause the creation of ECMAScript function objects (9.2). Evaluation of such functions starts with the execution of their [[Call]] internal method (9.2.1).

14.1 Function Definitions

Syntax

FunctionDeclaration[Yield, Await, Default] : function BindingIdentifier[?Yield, ?Await] ( FormalParameters[~Yield, ~Await] ) { FunctionBody[~Yield, ~Await] } [+Default] function ( FormalParameters[~Yield, ~Await] ) { FunctionBody[~Yield, ~Await] } FunctionExpression : function BindingIdentifier[~Yield, ~Await]opt ( FormalParameters[~Yield, ~Await] ) { FunctionBody[~Yield, ~Await] } UniqueFormalParameters[Yield, Await] : FormalParameters[?Yield, ?Await] FormalParameters[Yield, Await] : [empty] FunctionRestParameter[?Yield, ?Await] FormalParameterList[?Yield, ?Await] FormalParameterList[?Yield, ?Await] , FormalParameterList[?Yield, ?Await] , FunctionRestParameter[?Yield, ?Await] FormalParameterList[Yield, Await] : FormalParameter[?Yield, ?Await] FormalParameterList[?Yield, ?Await] , FormalParameter[?Yield, ?Await] FunctionRestParameter[Yield, Await] : BindingRestElement[?Yield, ?Await] FormalParameter[Yield, Await] : BindingElement[?Yield, ?Await] FunctionBody[Yield, Await] : FunctionStatementList[?Yield, ?Await] FunctionStatementList[Yield, Await] : StatementList[?Yield, ?Await, +Return]opt

14.1.1 Directive Prologues and the Use Strict Directive

A Directive Prologue is the longest sequence of ExpressionStatements occurring as the initial StatementListItems or ModuleItems of a FunctionBody, a ScriptBody, or a ModuleBody and where each ExpressionStatement in the sequence consists entirely of a StringLiteral token followed by a semicolon. The semicolon may appear explicitly or may be inserted by automatic semicolon insertion. A Directive Prologue may be an empty sequence.

A Use Strict Directive is an ExpressionStatement in a Directive Prologue whose StringLiteral is either the exact code unit sequences "use strict" or 'use strict'. A Use Strict Directive may not contain an EscapeSequence or LineContinuation.

A Directive Prologue may contain more than one Use Strict Directive. However, an implementation may issue a warning if this occurs.

Note

The ExpressionStatements of a Directive Prologue are evaluated normally during evaluation of the containing production. Implementations may define implementation specific meanings for ExpressionStatements which are not a Use Strict Directive and which occur in a Directive Prologue. If an appropriate notification mechanism exists, an implementation should issue a warning if it encounters in a Directive Prologue an ExpressionStatement that is not a Use Strict Directive and which does not have a meaning defined by the implementation.

14.1.2 Static Semantics: Early Errors

FunctionDeclaration : function BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody } FunctionDeclaration : function ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody } FunctionExpression : function BindingIdentifieropt ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody } Note 1

The LexicallyDeclaredNames of a FunctionBody does not include identifiers bound using var or function declarations.

 UniqueFormalParameters : FormalParameters
  • It is a Syntax Error if BoundNames of FormalParameters contains any duplicate elements.
FormalParameters : FormalParameterList Note 2

Multiple occurrences of the same BindingIdentifier in a FormalParameterList is only allowed for functions which have simple parameter lists and which are not defined in strict mode code.

 FunctionBody : FunctionStatementList

14.1.3 Static Semantics: BoundNames

FunctionDeclaration : function BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
  1. Return the BoundNames of BindingIdentifier.
 FunctionDeclaration : function ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
  1. Return « "*default*" ».
 Note

"*default*" is used within this specification as a synthetic name for hoistable anonymous functions that are defined using export declarations.

 FormalParameters : [empty]
  1. Return a new empty List.
 FormalParameters : FormalParameterList , FunctionRestParameter
  1. Let names be BoundNames of FormalParameterList.
  2. Append to names the BoundNames of FunctionRestParameter.
  3. Return names.
 FormalParameterList : FormalParameterList , FormalParameter
  1. Let names be BoundNames of FormalParameterList.
  2. Append to names the BoundNames of FormalParameter.
  3. Return names.

14.1.4 Static Semantics: Contains

With parameter symbol.

FunctionDeclaration : function BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody } FunctionDeclaration : function ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody } FunctionExpression : function BindingIdentifieropt ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
  1. Return false.
 Note

Static semantic rules that depend upon substructure generally do not look into function definitions.

14.1.5 Static Semantics: ContainsExpression

FormalParameters : [empty]
  1. Return false.
 FormalParameters : FormalParameterList , FunctionRestParameter
  1. If ContainsExpression of FormalParameterList is true, return true.
  2. Return ContainsExpression of FunctionRestParameter.
 FormalParameterList : FormalParameterList , FormalParameter
  1. If ContainsExpression of FormalParameterList is true, return true.
  2. Return ContainsExpression of FormalParameter.

14.1.6 Static Semantics: ContainsUseStrict

FunctionBody : FunctionStatementList
  1. If the Directive Prologue of FunctionStatementList contains a Use Strict Directive, return true; otherwise, return false.

14.1.7 Static Semantics: ExpectedArgumentCount

FormalParameters : [empty]
  1. Return 0.
 FormalParameters : FormalParameterList , FunctionRestParameter
  1. Return ExpectedArgumentCount of FormalParameterList.
 Note

The ExpectedArgumentCount of a FormalParameterList is the number of FormalParameters to the left of either the rest parameter or the first FormalParameter with an Initializer. A FormalParameter without an initializer is allowed after the first parameter with an initializer but such parameters are considered to be optional with undefined as their default value.

 FormalParameterList : FormalParameterList , FormalParameter
  1. Let count be ExpectedArgumentCount of FormalParameterList.
  2. If HasInitializer of FormalParameterList is true or HasInitializer of FormalParameter is true, return count.
  3. Return count + 1.

14.1.8 Static Semantics: HasInitializer

FormalParameterList : FormalParameterList , FormalParameter
  1. If HasInitializer of FormalParameterList is true, return true.
  2. Return HasInitializer of FormalParameter.

14.1.9 Static Semantics: HasName

FunctionExpression : function ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
  1. Return false.
 FunctionExpression : function BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
  1. Return true.

14.1.10 Static Semantics: IsAnonymousFunctionDefinition ( expr )

The abstract operation IsAnonymousFunctionDefinition determines if its argument is a function definition that does not bind a name. The argument expr is the result of parsing an AssignmentExpression or Initializer. The following steps are taken:

  1. If IsFunctionDefinition of expr is false, return false.
  2. Let hasName be the result of HasName of expr.
  3. If hasName is true, return false.
  4. Return true.

14.1.11 Static Semantics: IsConstantDeclaration

14.1.12 Static Semantics: IsFunctionDefinition

14.1.13 Static Semantics: IsSimpleParameterList

FormalParameters : [empty]
  1. Return true.
 FormalParameters : FormalParameterList , FunctionRestParameter
  1. Return false.
 FormalParameterList : FormalParameterList , FormalParameter
  1. If IsSimpleParameterList of FormalParameterList is false, return false.
  2. Return IsSimpleParameterList of FormalParameter.
 FormalParameter : BindingElement
  1. Return IsSimpleParameterList of BindingElement.

14.1.14 Static Semantics: LexicallyDeclaredNames

FunctionStatementList : [empty]
  1. Return a new empty List.
 FunctionStatementList : StatementList
  1. Return TopLevelLexicallyDeclaredNames of StatementList.

14.1.15 Static Semantics: LexicallyScopedDeclarations

FunctionStatementList : [empty]
  1. Return a new empty List.
 FunctionStatementList : StatementList
  1. Return the TopLevelLexicallyScopedDeclarations of StatementList.

14.1.16 Static Semantics: VarDeclaredNames

FunctionStatementList : [empty]
  1. Return a new empty List.
 FunctionStatementList : StatementList
  1. Return TopLevelVarDeclaredNames of StatementList.

14.1.17 Static Semantics: VarScopedDeclarations

FunctionStatementList : [empty]
  1. Return a new empty List.
 FunctionStatementList : StatementList
  1. Return the TopLevelVarScopedDeclarations of StatementList.

14.1.18 Runtime Semantics: EvaluateBody

With parameters functionObject and List argumentsList.

FunctionBody : FunctionStatementList
  1. Perform ? FunctionDeclarationInstantiation(functionObject, argumentsList).
  2. Return the result of evaluating FunctionStatementList.

14.1.19 Runtime Semantics: IteratorBindingInitialization

With parameters iteratorRecord and environment.

Note 1

When undefined is passed for environment it indicates that a PutValue operation should be used to assign the initialization value. This is the case for formal parameter lists of non-strict functions. In that case the formal parameter bindings are preinitialized in order to deal with the possibility of multiple parameters with the same name.

 FormalParameters : [empty]
  1. Return NormalCompletion(empty).
 FormalParameters : FormalParameterList , FunctionRestParameter
  1. Perform ? IteratorBindingInitialization for FormalParameterList using iteratorRecord and environment as the arguments.
  2. Return the result of performing IteratorBindingInitialization for FunctionRestParameter using iteratorRecord and environment as the arguments.
 FormalParameterList : FormalParameterList , FormalParameter
  1. Perform ? IteratorBindingInitialization for FormalParameterList using iteratorRecord and environment as the arguments.
  2. Return the result of performing IteratorBindingInitialization for FormalParameter using iteratorRecord and environment as the arguments.
 FormalParameter : BindingElement
  1. If ContainsExpression of BindingElement is false, return the result of performing IteratorBindingInitialization for BindingElement using iteratorRecord and environment as the arguments.
  2. Let currentContext be the running execution context.
  3. Let originalEnv be the VariableEnvironment of currentContext.
  4. Assert: The VariableEnvironment and LexicalEnvironment of currentContext are the same.
  5. Assert: environment and originalEnv are the same.
  6. Let paramVarEnv be NewDeclarativeEnvironment(originalEnv).
  7. Set the VariableEnvironment of currentContext to paramVarEnv.
  8. Set the LexicalEnvironment of currentContext to paramVarEnv.
  9. Let result be the result of performing IteratorBindingInitialization for BindingElement using iteratorRecord and environment as the arguments.
  10. Set the VariableEnvironment of currentContext to originalEnv.
  11. Set the LexicalEnvironment of currentContext to originalEnv.
  12. Return result.
 Note 2

The new Environment Record created in step 6 is only used if the BindingElement contains a direct eval.

 FunctionRestParameter : BindingRestElement
  1. If ContainsExpression of BindingRestElement is false, return the result of performing IteratorBindingInitialization for BindingRestElement using iteratorRecord and environment as the arguments.
  2. Let currentContext be the running execution context.
  3. Let originalEnv be the VariableEnvironment of currentContext.
  4. Assert: The VariableEnvironment and LexicalEnvironment of currentContext are the same.
  5. Assert: environment and originalEnv are the same.
  6. Let paramVarEnv be NewDeclarativeEnvironment(originalEnv).
  7. Set the VariableEnvironment of currentContext to paramVarEnv.
  8. Set the LexicalEnvironment of currentContext to paramVarEnv.
  9. Let result be the result of performing IteratorBindingInitialization for BindingRestElement using iteratorRecord and environment as the arguments.
  10. Set the VariableEnvironment of currentContext to originalEnv.
  11. Set the LexicalEnvironment of currentContext to originalEnv.
  12. Return result.
 Note 3

The new Environment Record created in step 6 is only used if the BindingRestElement contains a direct eval.

14.1.20 Runtime Semantics: InstantiateFunctionObject

With parameter scope.

FunctionDeclaration : function BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
  1. If the function code for FunctionDeclaration is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  2. Let name be StringValue of BindingIdentifier.
  3. Let F be FunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, FunctionBody, scope, strict).
  4. Perform MakeConstructor(F).
  5. Perform SetFunctionName(F, name).
  6. Set F.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by FunctionDeclaration.
  7. Return F.
 FunctionDeclaration : function ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
  1. Let F be FunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, FunctionBody, scope, true).
  2. Perform MakeConstructor(F).
  3. Perform SetFunctionName(F, "default").
  4. Set F.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by FunctionDeclaration.
  5. Return F.
 Note

An anonymous FunctionDeclaration can only occur as part of an export default declaration, and its function code is therefore always strict mode code.

14.1.21 Runtime Semantics: NamedEvaluation

With parameter name.

FunctionExpression : function ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
  1. Let closure be the result of evaluating this FunctionExpression.
  2. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, name).
  3. Return closure.

14.1.22 Runtime Semantics: Evaluation

FunctionDeclaration : function BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
  1. Return NormalCompletion(empty).
 Note 1

An alternative semantics is provided in B.3.3.

 FunctionDeclaration : function ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
  1. Return NormalCompletion(empty).
 FunctionExpression : function ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
  1. If the function code for FunctionExpression is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  2. Let scope be the LexicalEnvironment of the running execution context.
  3. Let closure be FunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, FunctionBody, scope, strict).
  4. Perform MakeConstructor(closure).
  5. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by FunctionExpression.
  6. Return closure.
 FunctionExpression : function BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
  1. If the function code for FunctionExpression is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  2. Let scope be the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment.
  3. Let funcEnv be NewDeclarativeEnvironment(scope).
  4. Let envRec be funcEnv's EnvironmentRecord.
  5. Let name be StringValue of BindingIdentifier.
  6. Perform envRec.CreateImmutableBinding(name, false).
  7. Let closure be FunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, FunctionBody, funcEnv, strict).
  8. Perform MakeConstructor(closure).
  9. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, name).
  10. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by FunctionExpression.
  11. Perform envRec.InitializeBinding(name, closure).
  12. Return closure.
 Note 2

The BindingIdentifier in a FunctionExpression can be referenced from inside the FunctionExpression's FunctionBody to allow the function to call itself recursively. However, unlike in a FunctionDeclaration, the BindingIdentifier in a FunctionExpression cannot be referenced from and does not affect the scope enclosing the FunctionExpression.

 Note 3

A prototype property is automatically created for every function defined using a FunctionDeclaration or FunctionExpression, to allow for the possibility that the function will be used as a constructor.

 FunctionStatementList : [empty]
  1. Return NormalCompletion(undefined).

14.2 Arrow Function Definitions

Syntax

ArrowFunction[In, Yield, Await] : ArrowParameters[?Yield, ?Await] [no LineTerminator here] => ConciseBody[?In] ArrowParameters[Yield, Await] : BindingIdentifier[?Yield, ?Await] CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList[?Yield, ?Await] ConciseBody[In] : [lookahead ≠ { ] AssignmentExpression[?In, ~Yield, ~Await] { FunctionBody[~Yield, ~Await] }

Supplemental Syntax

When the production
ArrowParameters[Yield, Await] : CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList[?Yield, ?Await]
is recognized the following grammar is used to refine the interpretation of CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList:

ArrowFormalParameters[Yield, Await] : ( UniqueFormalParameters[?Yield, ?Await] )

14.2.1 Static Semantics: Early Errors

ArrowFunction : ArrowParameters => ConciseBody ArrowParameters : CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList

14.2.2 Static Semantics: BoundNames

ArrowParameters : CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList
  1. Let formals be CoveredFormalsList of CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList.
  2. Return the BoundNames of formals.

14.2.3 Static Semantics: Contains

With parameter symbol.

ArrowFunction : ArrowParameters => ConciseBody
  1. If symbol is not one of NewTarget, SuperProperty, SuperCall, super or this, return false.
  2. If ArrowParameters Contains symbol is true, return true.
  3. Return ConciseBody Contains symbol.
 Note

Normally, Contains does not look inside most function forms. However, Contains is used to detect new.target, this, and super usage within an ArrowFunction.

 ArrowParameters : CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList
  1. Let formals be CoveredFormalsList of CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList.
  2. Return formals Contains symbol.

14.2.4 Static Semantics: ContainsExpression

14.2.5 Static Semantics: ContainsUseStrict

14.2.6 Static Semantics: ExpectedArgumentCount

14.2.7 Static Semantics: HasName

14.2.8 Static Semantics: IsSimpleParameterList

ArrowParameters : BindingIdentifier
  1. Return true.
 ArrowParameters : CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList
  1. Let formals be CoveredFormalsList of CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList.
  2. Return IsSimpleParameterList of formals.

14.2.9 Static Semantics: CoveredFormalsList

14.2.10 Static Semantics: LexicallyDeclaredNames

ConciseBody : AssignmentExpression
  1. Return a new empty List.

14.2.11 Static Semantics: LexicallyScopedDeclarations

ConciseBody : AssignmentExpression
  1. Return a new empty List.

14.2.12 Static Semantics: VarDeclaredNames

ConciseBody : AssignmentExpression
  1. Return a new empty List.

14.2.13 Static Semantics: VarScopedDeclarations

ConciseBody : AssignmentExpression
  1. Return a new empty List.

14.2.14 Runtime Semantics: IteratorBindingInitialization

With parameters iteratorRecord and environment.

Note

When undefined is passed for environment it indicates that a PutValue operation should be used to assign the initialization value. This is the case for formal parameter lists of non-strict functions. In that case the formal parameter bindings are preinitialized in order to deal with the possibility of multiple parameters with the same name.

 ArrowParameters : BindingIdentifier
  1. Assert: iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is false.
  2. Let next be IteratorStep(iteratorRecord).
  3. If next is an abrupt completion, set iteratorRecord.[[Done]] to true.
  4. ReturnIfAbrupt(next).
  5. If next is false, set iteratorRecord.[[Done]] to true.
  6. Else,
    1. Let v be IteratorValue(next).
    2. If v is an abrupt completion, set iteratorRecord.[[Done]] to true.
    3. ReturnIfAbrupt(v).
  7. If iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is true, let v be undefined.
  8. Return the result of performing BindingInitialization for BindingIdentifier using v and environment as the arguments.

14.2.15 Runtime Semantics: EvaluateBody

With parameters functionObject and List argumentsList.

ConciseBody : AssignmentExpression
  1. Perform ? FunctionDeclarationInstantiation(functionObject, argumentsList).
  2. Let exprRef be the result of evaluating AssignmentExpression.
  3. Let exprValue be ? GetValue(exprRef).
  4. Return Completion { [[Type]]: return, [[Value]]: exprValue, [[Target]]: empty }.

14.2.16 Runtime Semantics: NamedEvaluation

With parameter name.

ArrowFunction : ArrowParameters => ConciseBody
  1. Let closure be the result of evaluating this ArrowFunction.
  2. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, name).
  3. Return closure.

14.2.17 Runtime Semantics: Evaluation

ArrowFunction : ArrowParameters => ConciseBody
  1. If the function code for this ArrowFunction is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  2. Let scope be the LexicalEnvironment of the running execution context.
  3. Let parameters be CoveredFormalsList of ArrowParameters.
  4. Let closure be FunctionCreate(Arrow, parameters, ConciseBody, scope, strict).
  5. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by ArrowFunction.
  6. Return closure.
 Note

An ArrowFunction does not define local bindings for arguments, super, this, or new.target. Any reference to arguments, super, this, or new.target within an ArrowFunction must resolve to a binding in a lexically enclosing environment. Typically this will be the Function Environment of an immediately enclosing function. Even though an ArrowFunction may contain references to super, the function object created in step 4 is not made into a method by performing MakeMethod. An ArrowFunction that references super is always contained within a non-ArrowFunction and the necessary state to implement super is accessible via the scope that is captured by the function object of the ArrowFunction.

14.3 Method Definitions

Syntax

MethodDefinition[Yield, Await] : PropertyName[?Yield, ?Await] ( UniqueFormalParameters[~Yield, ~Await] ) { FunctionBody[~Yield, ~Await] } GeneratorMethod[?Yield, ?Await] AsyncMethod[?Yield, ?Await] AsyncGeneratorMethod[?Yield, ?Await] get PropertyName[?Yield, ?Await] ( ) { FunctionBody[~Yield, ~Await] } set PropertyName[?Yield, ?Await] ( PropertySetParameterList ) { FunctionBody[~Yield, ~Await] } PropertySetParameterList : FormalParameter[~Yield, ~Await]

14.3.1 Static Semantics: Early Errors

MethodDefinition : PropertyName ( UniqueFormalParameters ) { FunctionBody } MethodDefinition : set PropertyName ( PropertySetParameterList ) { FunctionBody }

14.3.2 Static Semantics: ComputedPropertyContains

With parameter symbol.

MethodDefinition : PropertyName ( UniqueFormalParameters ) { FunctionBody } get PropertyName ( ) { FunctionBody } set PropertyName ( PropertySetParameterList ) { FunctionBody }
  1. Return the result of ComputedPropertyContains for PropertyName with argument symbol.

14.3.3 Static Semantics: ExpectedArgumentCount

PropertySetParameterList : FormalParameter
  1. If HasInitializer of FormalParameter is true, return 0.
  2. Return 1.

14.3.4 Static Semantics: HasDirectSuper

14.3.5 Static Semantics: PropName

14.3.6 Static Semantics: SpecialMethod

14.3.7 Runtime Semantics: DefineMethod

With parameters object and optional parameter functionPrototype.

MethodDefinition : PropertyName ( UniqueFormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
  1. Let propKey be the result of evaluating PropertyName.
  2. ReturnIfAbrupt(propKey).
  3. If the function code for this MethodDefinition is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  4. Let scope be the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment.
  5. If functionPrototype is present as a parameter, then
    1. Let kind be Normal.
    2. Let prototype be functionPrototype.
  6. Else,
    1. Let kind be Method.
    2. Let prototype be the intrinsic object %FunctionPrototype%.
  7. Let closure be FunctionCreate(kind, UniqueFormalParameters, FunctionBody, scope, strict, prototype).
  8. Perform MakeMethod(closure, object).
  9. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by MethodDefinition.
  10. Return the Record { [[Key]]: propKey, [[Closure]]: closure }.

14.3.8 Runtime Semantics: PropertyDefinitionEvaluation

With parameters object and enumerable.

MethodDefinition : PropertyName ( UniqueFormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
  1. Let methodDef be DefineMethod of MethodDefinition with argument object.
  2. ReturnIfAbrupt(methodDef).
  3. Perform SetFunctionName(methodDef.[[Closure]], methodDef.[[Key]]).
  4. Let desc be the PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: methodDef.[[Closure]], [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: enumerable, [[Configurable]]: true }.
  5. Return ? DefinePropertyOrThrow(object, methodDef.[[Key]], desc).
 MethodDefinition : get PropertyName ( ) { FunctionBody }
  1. Let propKey be the result of evaluating PropertyName.
  2. ReturnIfAbrupt(propKey).
  3. If the function code for this MethodDefinition is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  4. Let scope be the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment.
  5. Let formalParameterList be an instance of the production FormalParameters : [empty].
  6. Let closure be FunctionCreate(Method, formalParameterList, FunctionBody, scope, strict).
  7. Perform MakeMethod(closure, object).
  8. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, propKey, "get").
  9. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by MethodDefinition.
  10. Let desc be the PropertyDescriptor { [[Get]]: closure, [[Enumerable]]: enumerable, [[Configurable]]: true }.
  11. Return ? DefinePropertyOrThrow(object, propKey, desc).
 MethodDefinition : set PropertyName ( PropertySetParameterList ) { FunctionBody }
  1. Let propKey be the result of evaluating PropertyName.
  2. ReturnIfAbrupt(propKey).
  3. If the function code for this MethodDefinition is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  4. Let scope be the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment.
  5. Let closure be FunctionCreate(Method, PropertySetParameterList, FunctionBody, scope, strict).
  6. Perform MakeMethod(closure, object).
  7. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, propKey, "set").
  8. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by MethodDefinition.
  9. Let desc be the PropertyDescriptor { [[Set]]: closure, [[Enumerable]]: enumerable, [[Configurable]]: true }.
  10. Return ? DefinePropertyOrThrow(object, propKey, desc).

14.4 Generator Function Definitions

Syntax

GeneratorMethod[Yield, Await] : * PropertyName[?Yield, ?Await] ( UniqueFormalParameters[+Yield, ~Await] ) { GeneratorBody } GeneratorDeclaration[Yield, Await, Default] : function * BindingIdentifier[?Yield, ?Await] ( FormalParameters[+Yield, ~Await] ) { GeneratorBody } [+Default] function * ( FormalParameters[+Yield, ~Await] ) { GeneratorBody } GeneratorExpression : function * BindingIdentifier[+Yield, ~Await]opt ( FormalParameters[+Yield, ~Await] ) { GeneratorBody } GeneratorBody : FunctionBody[+Yield, ~Await] YieldExpression[In, Await] : yield yield [no LineTerminator here] AssignmentExpression[?In, +Yield, ?Await] yield [no LineTerminator here] * AssignmentExpression[?In, +Yield, ?Await] Note 1

The syntactic context immediately following yield requires use of the InputElementRegExpOrTemplateTail lexical goal.

 Note 2

YieldExpression cannot be used within the FormalParameters of a generator function because any expressions that are part of FormalParameters are evaluated before the resulting generator object is in a resumable state.

 Note 3

Abstract operations relating to generator objects are defined in 25.4.3.

14.4.1 Static Semantics: Early Errors

GeneratorMethod : * PropertyName ( UniqueFormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody } GeneratorDeclaration : function * BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody } GeneratorDeclaration : function * ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody } GeneratorExpression : function * BindingIdentifieropt ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }

14.4.2 Static Semantics: BoundNames

GeneratorDeclaration : function * BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
  1. Return the BoundNames of BindingIdentifier.
 GeneratorDeclaration : function * ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
  1. Return « "*default*" ».
 Note

"*default*" is used within this specification as a synthetic name for hoistable anonymous functions that are defined using export declarations.

14.4.3 Static Semantics: ComputedPropertyContains

With parameter symbol.

GeneratorMethod : * PropertyName ( UniqueFormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
  1. Return the result of ComputedPropertyContains for PropertyName with argument symbol.

14.4.4 Static Semantics: Contains

With parameter symbol.

GeneratorDeclaration : function * BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody } GeneratorDeclaration : function * ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody } GeneratorExpression : function * BindingIdentifieropt ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
  1. Return false.
 Note

Static semantic rules that depend upon substructure generally do not look into function definitions.

14.4.5 Static Semantics: HasDirectSuper

14.4.6 Static Semantics: HasName

GeneratorExpression : function * ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
  1. Return false.
 GeneratorExpression : function * BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
  1. Return true.

14.4.7 Static Semantics: IsConstantDeclaration

14.4.8 Static Semantics: IsFunctionDefinition

14.4.9 Static Semantics: PropName

14.4.10 Runtime Semantics: EvaluateBody

With parameters functionObject and List argumentsList.

GeneratorBody : FunctionBody
  1. Perform ? FunctionDeclarationInstantiation(functionObject, argumentsList).
  2. Let G be ? OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(functionObject, "%GeneratorPrototype%", « [[GeneratorState]], [[GeneratorContext]] »).
  3. Perform GeneratorStart(G, FunctionBody).
  4. Return Completion { [[Type]]: return, [[Value]]: G, [[Target]]: empty }.

14.4.11 Runtime Semantics: InstantiateFunctionObject

With parameter scope.

GeneratorDeclaration : function * BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
  1. If the function code for GeneratorDeclaration is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  2. Let name be StringValue of BindingIdentifier.
  3. Let F be GeneratorFunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, GeneratorBody, scope, strict).
  4. Let prototype be ObjectCreate(%GeneratorPrototype%).
  5. Perform DefinePropertyOrThrow(F, "prototype", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: prototype, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: false }).
  6. Perform SetFunctionName(F, name).
  7. Set F.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by GeneratorDeclaration.
  8. Return F.
 GeneratorDeclaration : function * ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
  1. Let F be GeneratorFunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, GeneratorBody, scope, true).
  2. Let prototype be ObjectCreate(%GeneratorPrototype%).
  3. Perform DefinePropertyOrThrow(F, "prototype", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: prototype, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: false }).
  4. Perform SetFunctionName(F, "default").
  5. Set F.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by GeneratorDeclaration.
  6. Return F.
 Note

An anonymous GeneratorDeclaration can only occur as part of an export default declaration, and its function code is therefore always strict mode code.

14.4.12 Runtime Semantics: PropertyDefinitionEvaluation

With parameters object and enumerable.

GeneratorMethod : * PropertyName ( UniqueFormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
  1. Let propKey be the result of evaluating PropertyName.
  2. ReturnIfAbrupt(propKey).
  3. If the function code for this GeneratorMethod is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  4. Let scope be the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment.
  5. Let closure be GeneratorFunctionCreate(Method, UniqueFormalParameters, GeneratorBody, scope, strict).
  6. Perform MakeMethod(closure, object).
  7. Let prototype be ObjectCreate(%GeneratorPrototype%).
  8. Perform DefinePropertyOrThrow(closure, "prototype", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: prototype, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: false }).
  9. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, propKey).
  10. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by GeneratorMethod.
  11. Let desc be the PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: closure, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: enumerable, [[Configurable]]: true }.
  12. Return ? DefinePropertyOrThrow(object, propKey, desc).

14.4.13 Runtime Semantics: NamedEvaluation

With parameter name.

GeneratorExpression : function * ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
  1. Let closure be the result of evaluating this GeneratorExpression.
  2. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, name).
  3. Return closure.

14.4.14 Runtime Semantics: Evaluation

GeneratorExpression : function * ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
  1. If the function code for this GeneratorExpression is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  2. Let scope be the LexicalEnvironment of the running execution context.
  3. Let closure be GeneratorFunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, GeneratorBody, scope, strict).
  4. Let prototype be ObjectCreate(%GeneratorPrototype%).
  5. Perform DefinePropertyOrThrow(closure, "prototype", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: prototype, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: false }).
  6. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by GeneratorExpression.
  7. Return closure.
 GeneratorExpression : function * BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
  1. If the function code for this GeneratorExpression is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  2. Let scope be the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment.
  3. Let funcEnv be NewDeclarativeEnvironment(scope).
  4. Let envRec be funcEnv's EnvironmentRecord.
  5. Let name be StringValue of BindingIdentifier.
  6. Perform envRec.CreateImmutableBinding(name, false).
  7. Let closure be GeneratorFunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, GeneratorBody, funcEnv, strict).
  8. Let prototype be ObjectCreate(%GeneratorPrototype%).
  9. Perform DefinePropertyOrThrow(closure, "prototype", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: prototype, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: false }).
  10. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, name).
  11. Perform envRec.InitializeBinding(name, closure).
  12. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by GeneratorExpression.
  13. Return closure.
 Note

The BindingIdentifier in a GeneratorExpression can be referenced from inside the GeneratorExpression's FunctionBody to allow the generator code to call itself recursively. However, unlike in a GeneratorDeclaration, the BindingIdentifier in a GeneratorExpression cannot be referenced from and does not affect the scope enclosing the GeneratorExpression.

 YieldExpression : yield
  1. Let generatorKind be ! GetGeneratorKind().
  2. If generatorKind is async, then return ? AsyncGeneratorYield(undefined).
  3. Otherwise, return ? GeneratorYield(CreateIterResultObject(undefined, false)).
 YieldExpression : yield AssignmentExpression
  1. Let generatorKind be ! GetGeneratorKind().
  2. Let exprRef be the result of evaluating AssignmentExpression.
  3. Let value be ? GetValue(exprRef).
  4. If generatorKind is async, then return ? AsyncGeneratorYield(value).
  5. Otherwise, return ? GeneratorYield(CreateIterResultObject(value, false)).
 YieldExpression : yield * AssignmentExpression
  1. Let generatorKind be ! GetGeneratorKind().
  2. Let exprRef be the result of evaluating AssignmentExpression.
  3. Let value be ? GetValue(exprRef).
  4. Let iteratorRecord be ? GetIterator(value, generatorKind).
  5. Let iterator be iteratorRecord.[[Iterator]].
  6. Let received be NormalCompletion(undefined).
  7. Repeat,
    1. If received.[[Type]] is normal, then
      1. Let innerResult be ? Call(iteratorRecord.[[NextMethod]], iteratorRecord.[[Iterator]], « received.[[Value]] »).
      2. If generatorKind is async, then set innerResult to ? Await(innerResult).
      3. If Type(innerResult) is not Object, throw a TypeError exception.
      4. Let done be ? IteratorComplete(innerResult).
      5. If done is true, then
        1. Return ? IteratorValue(innerResult).
      6. If generatorKind is async, then set received to AsyncGeneratorYield(? IteratorValue(innerResult)).
      7. Else, set received to GeneratorYield(innerResult).
    2. Else if received.[[Type]] is throw, then
      1. Let throw be ? GetMethod(iterator, "throw").
      2. If throw is not undefined, then
        1. Let innerResult be ? Call(throw, iterator, « received.[[Value]] »).
        2. If generatorKind is async, then set innerResult to ? Await(innerResult).
        3. NOTE: Exceptions from the inner iterator throw method are propagated. Normal completions from an inner throw method are processed similarly to an inner next.
        4. If Type(innerResult) is not Object, throw a TypeError exception.
        5. Let done be ? IteratorComplete(innerResult).
        6. If done is true, then
          1. Return ? IteratorValue(innerResult).
        7. If generatorKind is async, then set received to AsyncGeneratorYield(? IteratorValue(innerResult)).
        8. Else, set received to GeneratorYield(innerResult).
      3. Else,
        1. NOTE: If iterator does not have a throw method, this throw is going to terminate the yield* loop. But first we need to give iterator a chance to clean up.
        2. Let closeCompletion be Completion { [[Type]]: normal, [[Value]]: empty, [[Target]]: empty }.
        3. If generatorKind is async, perform ? AsyncIteratorClose(iteratorRecord, closeCompletion).
        4. Else, perform ? IteratorClose(iteratorRecord, closeCompletion).
        5. NOTE: The next step throws a TypeError to indicate that there was a yield* protocol violation: iterator does not have a throw method.
        6. Throw a TypeError exception.
    3. Else,
      1. Assert: received.[[Type]] is return.
      2. Let return be ? GetMethod(iterator, "return").
      3. If return is undefined, then
        1. If generatorKind is async, then set received.[[Value]] to ? Await(received.[[Value]]).
        2. Return Completion(received).
      4. Let innerReturnResult be ? Call(return, iterator, « received.[[Value]] »).
      5. If generatorKind is async, then set innerReturnResult to ? Await(innerReturnResult).
      6. If Type(innerReturnResult) is not Object, throw a TypeError exception.
      7. Let done be ? IteratorComplete(innerReturnResult).
      8. If done is true, then
        1. Let value be ? IteratorValue(innerReturnResult).
        2. Return Completion { [[Type]]: return, [[Value]]: value, [[Target]]: empty }.
      9. If generatorKind is async, then set received to AsyncGeneratorYield(? IteratorValue(innerReturnResult)).
      10. Else, set received to GeneratorYield(innerReturnResult).

14.5 Async Generator Function Definitions

Syntax

AsyncGeneratorMethod[Yield, Await] : async [no LineTerminator here] * PropertyName[?Yield, ?Await] ( UniqueFormalParameters[+Yield, +Await] ) { AsyncGeneratorBody } AsyncGeneratorDeclaration[Yield, Await, Default] : async [no LineTerminator here] function * BindingIdentifier[?Yield, ?Await] ( FormalParameters[+Yield, +Await] ) { AsyncGeneratorBody } [+Default] async [no LineTerminator here] function * ( FormalParameters[+Yield, +Await] ) { AsyncGeneratorBody } AsyncGeneratorExpression : async [no LineTerminator here] function * BindingIdentifier[+Yield, +Await]opt ( FormalParameters[+Yield, +Await] ) { AsyncGeneratorBody } AsyncGeneratorBody : FunctionBody[+Yield, +Await] Note 1

YieldExpression and AwaitExpression cannot be used within the FormalParameters of an async generator function because any expressions that are part of FormalParameters are evaluated before the resulting async generator object is in a resumable state.

 Note 2

Abstract operations relating to async generator objects are defined in 25.5.3.

14.5.1 Static Semantics: Early Errors

AsyncGeneratorMethod : async * PropertyName ( UniqueFormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody } AsyncGeneratorDeclaration : async function * BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody } AsyncGeneratorDeclaration : async function * ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody } AsyncGeneratorExpression : async function * BindingIdentifieropt ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody }

14.5.2 Static Semantics: BoundNames

AsyncGeneratorDeclaration : async function * BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody }
  1. Return the BoundNames of BindingIdentifier.
 AsyncGeneratorDeclaration : async function * ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody }
  1. Return « "*default*" ».
 Note

"*default*" is used within this specification as a synthetic name for hoistable anonymous functions that are defined using export declarations.

14.5.3 Static Semantics: ComputedPropertyContains

With parameter symbol.

AsyncGeneratorMethod : async * PropertyName ( UniqueFormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody }
  1. Return the result of ComputedPropertyContains for PropertyName with argument symbol.

14.5.4 Static Semantics: Contains

With parameter symbol.

AsyncGeneratorDeclaration : async function * BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody } AsyncGeneratorDeclaration : async function * ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody } AsyncGeneratorExpression : async function * BindingIdentifieropt ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody }
  1. Return false.
 Note

Static semantic rules that depend upon substructure generally do not look into function definitions.

14.5.5 Static Semantics: HasDirectSuper

14.5.6 Static Semantics: HasName

AsyncGeneratorExpression : async function * ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody }
  1. Return false.
 AsyncGeneratorExpression : async function * BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody }
  1. Return true.

14.5.7 Static Semantics: IsConstantDeclaration

14.5.8 Static Semantics: IsFunctionDefinition

14.5.9 Static Semantics: PropName

14.5.10 Runtime Semantics: EvaluateBody

With parameters functionObject and List argumentsList.

AsyncGeneratorBody : FunctionBody
  1. Perform ? FunctionDeclarationInstantiation(functionObject, argumentsList).
  2. Let generator be ? OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(functionObject, "%AsyncGeneratorPrototype%", « [[AsyncGeneratorState]], [[AsyncGeneratorContext]], [[AsyncGeneratorQueue]] »).
  3. Perform ! AsyncGeneratorStart(generator, FunctionBody).
  4. Return Completion { [[Type]]: return, [[Value]]: generator, [[Target]]: empty }.

14.5.11 Runtime Semantics: InstantiateFunctionObject

With parameter scope.

AsyncGeneratorDeclaration : async function * BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody }
  1. If the function code for AsyncGeneratorDeclaration is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  2. Let name be StringValue of BindingIdentifier.
  3. Let F be ! AsyncGeneratorFunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, AsyncGeneratorBody, scope, strict).
  4. Let prototype be ! ObjectCreate(%AsyncGeneratorPrototype%).
  5. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(F, "prototype", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: prototype, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: false }).
  6. Perform ! SetFunctionName(F, name).
  7. Set F.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by AsyncGeneratorDeclaration.
  8. Return F.
 AsyncGeneratorDeclaration : async function * ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody }
  1. If the function code for AsyncGeneratorDeclaration is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  2. Let F be AsyncGeneratorFunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, AsyncGeneratorBody, scope, strict).
  3. Let prototype be ObjectCreate(%AsyncGeneratorPrototype%).
  4. Perform DefinePropertyOrThrow(F, "prototype", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: prototype, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: false }).
  5. Perform SetFunctionName(F, "default").
  6. Set F.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by AsyncGeneratorDeclaration.
  7. Return F.
 Note

An anonymous AsyncGeneratorDeclaration can only occur as part of an export default declaration.

14.5.12 Runtime Semantics: PropertyDefinitionEvaluation

With parameter object and enumerable.

AsyncGeneratorMethod : async * PropertyName ( UniqueFormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody }
  1. Let propKey be the result of evaluating PropertyName.
  2. ReturnIfAbrupt(propKey).
  3. If the function code for this AsyncGeneratorMethod is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  4. Let scope be the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment.
  5. Let closure be ! AsyncGeneratorFunctionCreate(Method, UniqueFormalParameters, AsyncGeneratorBody, scope, strict).
  6. Perform ! MakeMethod(closure, object).
  7. Let prototype be ! ObjectCreate(%AsyncGeneratorPrototype%).
  8. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(closure, "prototype", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: prototype, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: false }).
  9. Perform ! SetFunctionName(closure, propKey).
  10. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by AsyncGeneratorMethod.
  11. Let desc be PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: closure, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: enumerable, [[Configurable]]: true }.
  12. Return ? DefinePropertyOrThrow(object, propKey, desc).

14.5.13 Runtime Semantics: NamedEvaluation

With parameter name.

AsyncGeneratorExpression : async function * ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody }
  1. Let closure be the result of evaluating this AsyncGeneratorExpression.
  2. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, name).
  3. Return closure.

14.5.14 Runtime Semantics: Evaluation

AsyncGeneratorExpression : async function * ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody }
  1. If the function code for this AsyncGeneratorExpression is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  2. Let scope be the LexicalEnvironment of the running execution context.
  3. Let closure be ! AsyncGeneratorFunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, AsyncGeneratorBody, scope, strict).
  4. Let prototype be ! ObjectCreate(%AsyncGeneratorPrototype%).
  5. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(closure, "prototype", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: prototype, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: false }).
  6. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by AsyncGeneratorExpression.
  7. Return closure.
 AsyncGeneratorExpression : async function * BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncGeneratorBody }
  1. If the function code for this AsyncGeneratorExpression is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  2. Let scope be the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment.
  3. Let funcEnv be ! NewDeclarativeEnvironment(scope).
  4. Let envRec be funcEnv's EnvironmentRecord.
  5. Let name be StringValue of BindingIdentifier.
  6. Perform ! envRec.CreateImmutableBinding(name).
  7. Let closure be ! AsyncGeneratorFunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, AsyncGeneratorBody, funcEnv, strict).
  8. Let prototype be ! ObjectCreate(%AsyncGeneratorPrototype%).
  9. Perform ! DefinePropertyOrThrow(closure, "prototype", PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: prototype, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: false, [[Configurable]]: false }).
  10. Perform ! SetFunctionName(closure, name).
  11. Perform ! envRec.InitializeBinding(name, closure).
  12. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by AsyncGeneratorExpression.
  13. Return closure.
 Note

The BindingIdentifier in an AsyncGeneratorExpression can be referenced from inside the AsyncGeneratorExpression's AsyncGeneratorBody to allow the generator code to call itself recursively. However, unlike in an AsyncGeneratorDeclaration, the BindingIdentifier in an AsyncGeneratorExpression cannot be referenced from and does not affect the scope enclosing the AsyncGeneratorExpression.

14.6 Class Definitions

Syntax

ClassDeclaration[Yield, Await, Default] : class BindingIdentifier[?Yield, ?Await] ClassTail[?Yield, ?Await] [+Default] class ClassTail[?Yield, ?Await] ClassExpression[Yield, Await] : class BindingIdentifier[?Yield, ?Await]opt ClassTail[?Yield, ?Await] ClassTail[Yield, Await] : ClassHeritage[?Yield, ?Await]opt { ClassBody[?Yield, ?Await]opt } ClassHeritage[Yield, Await] : extends LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield, ?Await] ClassBody[Yield, Await] : ClassElementList[?Yield, ?Await] ClassElementList[Yield, Await] : ClassElement[?Yield, ?Await] ClassElementList[?Yield, ?Await] ClassElement[?Yield, ?Await] ClassElement[Yield, Await] : MethodDefinition[?Yield, ?Await] static MethodDefinition[?Yield, ?Await] ; Note

A class definition is always strict mode code.

14.6.1 Static Semantics: Early Errors

ClassTail : ClassHeritageopt { ClassBody }

  • It is a Syntax Error if ClassHeritage is not present and the following algorithm evaluates to true:

    1. Let constructor be ConstructorMethod of ClassBody.
    2. If constructor is empty, return false.
    3. Return HasDirectSuper of constructor.
ClassBody : ClassElementList
  • It is a Syntax Error if PrototypePropertyNameList of ClassElementList contains more than one occurrence of "constructor".
ClassElement : MethodDefinition ClassElement : static MethodDefinition

14.6.2 Static Semantics: BoundNames

ClassDeclaration : class BindingIdentifier ClassTail
  1. Return the BoundNames of BindingIdentifier.
 ClassDeclaration : class ClassTail
  1. Return « "*default*" ».

14.6.3 Static Semantics: ConstructorMethod

ClassElementList : ClassElement
  1. If ClassElement is ClassElement : ; , return empty.
  2. If IsStatic of ClassElement is true, return empty.
  3. If PropName of ClassElement is not "constructor", return empty.
  4. Return ClassElement.
 ClassElementList : ClassElementList ClassElement
  1. Let head be ConstructorMethod of ClassElementList.
  2. If head is not empty, return head.
  3. If ClassElement is ClassElement : ; , return empty.
  4. If IsStatic of ClassElement is true, return empty.
  5. If PropName of ClassElement is not "constructor", return empty.
  6. Return ClassElement.
 Note

Early Error rules ensure that there is only one method definition named "constructor" and that it is not an accessor property or generator definition.

14.6.4 Static Semantics: Contains

With parameter symbol.

ClassTail : ClassHeritageopt { ClassBody }
  1. If symbol is ClassBody, return true.
  2. If symbol is ClassHeritage, then
    1. If ClassHeritage is present, return true; otherwise return false.
  3. Let inHeritage be ClassHeritage Contains symbol.
  4. If inHeritage is true, return true.
  5. Return the result of ComputedPropertyContains for ClassBody with argument symbol.
 Note

Static semantic rules that depend upon substructure generally do not look into class bodies except for PropertyNames.

14.6.5 Static Semantics: ComputedPropertyContains

With parameter symbol.

ClassElementList : ClassElementList ClassElement
  1. Let inList be the result of ComputedPropertyContains for ClassElementList with argument symbol.
  2. If inList is true, return true.
  3. Return the result of ComputedPropertyContains for ClassElement with argument symbol.
 ClassElement : MethodDefinition
  1. Return the result of ComputedPropertyContains for MethodDefinition with argument symbol.
 ClassElement : static MethodDefinition
  1. Return the result of ComputedPropertyContains for MethodDefinition with argument symbol.
 ClassElement : ;
  1. Return false.

14.6.6 Static Semantics: HasName

ClassExpression : class ClassTail
  1. Return false.
 ClassExpression : class BindingIdentifier ClassTail
  1. Return true.

14.6.7 Static Semantics: IsConstantDeclaration

14.6.8 Static Semantics: IsFunctionDefinition

ClassExpression : class BindingIdentifieropt ClassTail
  1. Return true.

14.6.9 Static Semantics: IsStatic

ClassElement : MethodDefinition
  1. Return false.
 ClassElement : static MethodDefinition
  1. Return true.
 ClassElement : ;
  1. Return false.

14.6.10 Static Semantics: NonConstructorMethodDefinitions

ClassElementList : ClassElement
  1. If ClassElement is ClassElement : ; , return a new empty List.
  2. If IsStatic of ClassElement is false and PropName of ClassElement is "constructor", return a new empty List.
  3. Return a List containing ClassElement.
 ClassElementList : ClassElementList ClassElement
  1. Let list be NonConstructorMethodDefinitions of ClassElementList.
  2. If ClassElement is ClassElement : ; , return list.
  3. If IsStatic of ClassElement is false and PropName of ClassElement is "constructor", return list.
  4. Append ClassElement to the end of list.
  5. Return list.

14.6.11 Static Semantics: PrototypePropertyNameList

ClassElementList : ClassElement
  1. If PropName of ClassElement is empty, return a new empty List.
  2. If IsStatic of ClassElement is true, return a new empty List.
  3. Return a List containing PropName of ClassElement.
 ClassElementList : ClassElementList ClassElement
  1. Let list be PrototypePropertyNameList of ClassElementList.
  2. If PropName of ClassElement is empty, return list.
  3. If IsStatic of ClassElement is true, return list.
  4. Append PropName of ClassElement to the end of list.
  5. Return list.

14.6.12 Static Semantics: PropName

ClassElement : ;
  1. Return empty.

14.6.13 Runtime Semantics: ClassDefinitionEvaluation

With parameters classBinding and className.

ClassTail : ClassHeritageopt { ClassBodyopt }
  1. Let lex be the LexicalEnvironment of the running execution context.
  2. Let classScope be NewDeclarativeEnvironment(lex).
  3. Let classScopeEnvRec be classScope's EnvironmentRecord.
  4. If classBinding is not undefined, then
    1. Perform classScopeEnvRec.CreateImmutableBinding(classBinding, true).
  5. If ClassHeritage_opt is not present, then
    1. Let protoParent be the intrinsic object %ObjectPrototype%.
    2. Let constructorParent be the intrinsic object %FunctionPrototype%.
  6. Else,
    1. Set the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment to classScope.
    2. Let superclassRef be the result of evaluating ClassHeritage.
    3. Set the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment to lex.
    4. Let superclass be ? GetValue(superclassRef).
    5. If superclass is null, then
      1. Let protoParent be null.
      2. Let constructorParent be the intrinsic object %FunctionPrototype%.
    6. Else if IsConstructor(superclass) is false, throw a TypeError exception.
    7. Else,
      1. Let protoParent be ? Get(superclass, "prototype").
      2. If Type(protoParent) is neither Object nor Null, throw a TypeError exception.
      3. Let constructorParent be superclass.
  7. Let proto be ObjectCreate(protoParent).
  8. If ClassBody_opt is not present, let constructor be empty.
  9. Else, let constructor be ConstructorMethod of ClassBody.
  10. If constructor is empty, then
    1. If ClassHeritage_opt is present, then
      1. Set constructor to the result of parsing the source text 
        constructor(... args){ super (...args);}
        using the syntactic grammar with the goal symbol MethodDefinition[~Yield, ~Await].
    2. Else,
      1. Set constructor to the result of parsing the source text 
        constructor(){ }
        using the syntactic grammar with the goal symbol MethodDefinition[~Yield, ~Await].
  11. Set the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment to classScope.
  12. Let constructorInfo be the result of performing DefineMethod for constructor with arguments proto and constructorParent as the optional functionPrototype argument.
  13. Assert: constructorInfo is not an abrupt completion.
  14. Let F be constructorInfo.[[Closure]].
  15. If ClassHeritage_opt is present, set F.[[ConstructorKind]] to "derived".
  16. Perform MakeConstructor(F, false, proto).
  17. Perform MakeClassConstructor(F).
  18. If className is not undefined, then
    1. Perform SetFunctionName(F, className).
  19. Perform CreateMethodProperty(proto, "constructor", F).
  20. If ClassBody_opt is not present, let methods be a new empty List.
  21. Else, let methods be NonConstructorMethodDefinitions of ClassBody.
  22. For each ClassElement m in order from methods, do
    1. If IsStatic of m is false, then
      1. Let status be the result of performing PropertyDefinitionEvaluation for m with arguments proto and false.
    2. Else,
      1. Let status be the result of performing PropertyDefinitionEvaluation for m with arguments F and false.
    3. If status is an abrupt completion, then
      1. Set the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment to lex.
      2. Return Completion(status).
  23. Set the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment to lex.
  24. If classBinding is not undefined, then
    1. Perform classScopeEnvRec.InitializeBinding(classBinding, F).
  25. Return F.

14.6.14 Runtime Semantics: BindingClassDeclarationEvaluation

ClassDeclaration : class BindingIdentifier ClassTail
  1. Let className be StringValue of BindingIdentifier.
  2. Let value be the result of ClassDefinitionEvaluation of ClassTail with arguments className and className.
  3. ReturnIfAbrupt(value).
  4. Set value.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by ClassDeclaration.
  5. Let env be the running execution context's LexicalEnvironment.
  6. Perform ? InitializeBoundName(className, value, env).
  7. Return value.
 ClassDeclaration : class ClassTail
  1. Let value be the result of ClassDefinitionEvaluation of ClassTail with arguments undefined and "default".
  2. ReturnIfAbrupt(value).
  3. Set value.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by ClassDeclaration.
  4. Return value.
 Note

ClassDeclaration : class ClassTail only occurs as part of an ExportDeclaration and establishing its binding is handled as part of the evaluation action for that production. See 15.2.3.11.

14.6.15 Runtime Semantics: NamedEvaluation

With parameter name.

ClassExpression : class ClassTail
  1. Return the result of ClassDefinitionEvaluation of ClassTail with arguments undefined and name.

14.6.16 Runtime Semantics: Evaluation

ClassDeclaration : class BindingIdentifier ClassTail
  1. Perform ? BindingClassDeclarationEvaluation of this ClassDeclaration.
  2. Return NormalCompletion(empty).
 Note

ClassDeclaration : class ClassTail only occurs as part of an ExportDeclaration and is never directly evaluated.

 ClassExpression : class BindingIdentifieropt ClassTail
  1. If BindingIdentifier_opt is not present, let className be undefined.
  2. Else, let className be StringValue of BindingIdentifier.
  3. Let value be the result of ClassDefinitionEvaluation of ClassTail with arguments className and className.
  4. ReturnIfAbrupt(value).
  5. Set value.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by ClassExpression.
  6. Return value.

14.7 Async Function Definitions

Syntax

AsyncFunctionDeclaration[Yield, Await, Default] : async [no LineTerminator here] function BindingIdentifier[?Yield, ?Await] ( FormalParameters[~Yield, +Await] ) { AsyncFunctionBody } [+Default] async [no LineTerminator here] function ( FormalParameters[~Yield, +Await] ) { AsyncFunctionBody } AsyncFunctionExpression : async [no LineTerminator here] function ( FormalParameters[~Yield, +Await] ) { AsyncFunctionBody } async [no LineTerminator here] function BindingIdentifier[~Yield, +Await] ( FormalParameters[~Yield, +Await] ) { AsyncFunctionBody } AsyncMethod[Yield, Await] : async [no LineTerminator here] PropertyName[?Yield, ?Await] ( UniqueFormalParameters[~Yield, +Await] ) { AsyncFunctionBody } AsyncFunctionBody : FunctionBody[~Yield, +Await] AwaitExpression[Yield] : await UnaryExpression[?Yield, +Await] Note 1

await is parsed as an AwaitExpression when the [Await] parameter is present. The [Await] parameter is present in the following contexts:

When Module is the syntactic goal symbol and the [Await] parameter is absent, await is parsed as a keyword and will be a Syntax error. When Script is the syntactic goal symbol, await may be parsed as an identifier when the [Await] parameter is absent. This includes the following contexts:

 Note 2

Unlike YieldExpression, it is a Syntax Error to omit the operand of an AwaitExpression. You must await something.

14.7.1 Static Semantics: Early Errors

AsyncMethod : async PropertyName ( UniqueFormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody } AsyncFunctionDeclaration : async function BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody } AsyncFunctionDeclaration : async function ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody } AsyncFunctionExpression : async function ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody } AsyncFunctionExpression : async function BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody }

14.7.2 Static Semantics: BoundNames

AsyncFunctionDeclaration : async function BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody }
  1. Return the BoundNames of BindingIdentifier.
 AsyncFunctionDeclaration : async function ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody }
  1. Return « "*default*" ».
 Note
"*default*" is used within this specification as a synthetic name for hoistable anonymous functions that are defined using export declarations.

14.7.3 Static Semantics: ComputedPropertyContains

With parameter symbol.

AsyncMethod : async PropertyName ( UniqueFormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody }
  1. Return the result of ComputedPropertyContains for PropertyName with argument symbol.

14.7.4 Static Semantics: Contains

14.7.5 Static Semantics: HasDirectSuper

14.7.6 Static Semantics: HasName

14.7.7 Static Semantics: IsConstantDeclaration

14.7.8 Static Semantics: IsFunctionDefinition

14.7.9 Static Semantics: PropName

14.7.10 Runtime Semantics: InstantiateFunctionObject

With parameter scope.

AsyncFunctionDeclaration : async function BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody }
  1. If the function code for AsyncFunctionDeclaration is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise, let strict be false.
  2. Let name be StringValue of BindingIdentifier.
  3. Let F be ! AsyncFunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, AsyncFunctionBody, scope, strict).
  4. Perform ! SetFunctionName(F, name).
  5. Set F.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by AsyncFunctionDeclaration.
  6. Return F.
 AsyncFunctionDeclaration : async function ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody }
  1. If the function code for AsyncFunctionDeclaration is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise, let strict be false.
  2. Let F be ! AsyncFunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, AsyncFunctionBody, scope, strict).
  3. Perform ! SetFunctionName(F, "default").
  4. Set F.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by AsyncFunctionDeclaration.
  5. Return F.

14.7.11 Runtime Semantics: EvaluateBody

With parameters functionObject and List argumentsList.

AsyncFunctionBody : FunctionBody
  1. Let promiseCapability be ! NewPromiseCapability(%Promise%).
  2. Let declResult be FunctionDeclarationInstantiation(functionObject, argumentsList).
  3. If declResult is not an abrupt completion, then
    1. Perform ! AsyncFunctionStart(promiseCapability, FunctionBody).
  4. Else declResult is an abrupt completion,
    1. Perform ! Call(promiseCapability.[[Reject]], undefined, « declResult.[[Value]] »).
  5. Return Completion { [[Type]]: return, [[Value]]: promiseCapability.[[Promise]], [[Target]]: empty }.

14.7.12 Runtime Semantics: PropertyDefinitionEvaluation

With parameters object and enumerable.

AsyncMethod : async PropertyName ( UniqueFormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody }
  1. Let propKey be the result of evaluating PropertyName.
  2. ReturnIfAbrupt(propKey).
  3. If the function code for this AsyncMethod is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  4. Let scope be the LexicalEnvironment of the running execution context.
  5. Let closure be ! AsyncFunctionCreate(Method, UniqueFormalParameters, AsyncFunctionBody, scope, strict).
  6. Perform ! MakeMethod(closure, object).
  7. Perform ! SetFunctionName(closure, propKey).
  8. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by AsyncMethod.
  9. Let desc be the PropertyDescriptor { [[Value]]: closure, [[Writable]]: true, [[Enumerable]]: enumerable, [[Configurable]]: true }.
  10. Return ? DefinePropertyOrThrow(object, propKey, desc).

14.7.13 Runtime Semantics: NamedEvaluation

With parameter name.

AsyncFunctionExpression : async function ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody }
  1. Let closure be the result of evaluating this AsyncFunctionExpression.
  2. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, name).
  3. Return closure.

14.7.14 Runtime Semantics: Evaluation

AsyncFunctionDeclaration : async function BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody }
  1. Return NormalCompletion(empty).
 AsyncFunctionDeclaration : async function ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody }
  1. Return NormalCompletion(empty).
 AsyncFunctionExpression : async function ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody }
  1. If the function code for AsyncFunctionExpression is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  2. Let scope be the LexicalEnvironment of the running execution context.
  3. Let closure be ! AsyncFunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, AsyncFunctionBody, scope, strict).
  4. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by AsyncFunctionExpression.
  5. Return closure.
 AsyncFunctionExpression : async function BindingIdentifier ( FormalParameters ) { AsyncFunctionBody }
  1. If the function code for AsyncFunctionExpression is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise let strict be false.
  2. Let scope be the LexicalEnvironment of the running execution context.
  3. Let funcEnv be ! NewDeclarativeEnvironment(scope).
  4. Let envRec be funcEnv's EnvironmentRecord.
  5. Let name be StringValue of BindingIdentifier.
  6. Perform ! envRec.CreateImmutableBinding(name).
  7. Let closure be ! AsyncFunctionCreate(Normal, FormalParameters, AsyncFunctionBody, funcEnv, strict).
  8. Perform ! SetFunctionName(closure, name).
  9. Perform ! envRec.InitializeBinding(name, closure).
  10. Set closure.[[SourceText]] to the source text matched by AsyncFunctionExpression.
  11. Return closure.
 AwaitExpression : await UnaryExpression
  1. Let exprRef be the result of evaluating UnaryExpression.
  2. Let value be ? GetValue(exprRef).
  3. Return ? Await(value).

14.8 Async Arrow Function Definitions

Syntax

AsyncArrowFunction[In, Yield, Await] : async [no LineTerminator here] AsyncArrowBindingIdentifier[?Yield] [no LineTerminator here] => AsyncConciseBody[?In] CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead[?Yield, ?Await] [no LineTerminator here] => AsyncConciseBody[?In] AsyncConciseBody[In] : [lookahead ≠ {] AssignmentExpression[?In, ~Yield, +Await] { AsyncFunctionBody } AsyncArrowBindingIdentifier[Yield] : BindingIdentifier[?Yield, +Await] CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead[Yield, Await] : MemberExpression[?Yield, ?Await] Arguments[?Yield, ?Await]

Supplemental Syntax

When processing an instance of the production AsyncArrowFunction : CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead => AsyncConciseBody the interpretation of CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead is refined using the following grammar:

AsyncArrowHead : async [no LineTerminator here] ArrowFormalParameters[~Yield, +Await]

14.8.1 Static Semantics: Early Errors

AsyncArrowFunction : async AsyncArrowBindingIdentifier => AsyncConciseBody AsyncArrowFunction : CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead => AsyncConciseBody

14.8.2 Static Semantics: CoveredAsyncArrowHead

14.8.3 Static Semantics: BoundNames

CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead : MemberExpression Arguments
  1. Let head be CoveredAsyncArrowHead of CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead.
  2. Return the BoundNames of head.

14.8.4 Static Semantics: Contains

With parameter symbol.

AsyncArrowFunction : async AsyncArrowBindingIdentifier => AsyncConciseBody
  1. If symbol is not one of NewTarget, SuperProperty, SuperCall, super, or this, return false.
  2. Return AsyncConciseBody Contains symbol.
 AsyncArrowFunction : CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead => AsyncConciseBody
  1. If symbol is not one of NewTarget, SuperProperty, SuperCall, super, or this, return false.
 Note
Normally, Contains does not look inside most function forms. However, Contains is used to detect new.target, this, and super usage within an AsyncArrowFunction.

14.8.5 Static Semantics: ContainsExpression

14.8.6 Static Semantics: ExpectedArgumentCount

14.8.7 Static Semantics: HasName

14.8.8 Static Semantics: IsSimpleParameterList

AsyncArrowBindingIdentifier[Yield] : BindingIdentifier[?Yield, +Await]
  1. Return true.
 CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead : MemberExpression Arguments
  1. Let head be CoveredAsyncArrowHead of CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead.
  2. Return IsSimpleParameterList of head.

14.8.9 Static Semantics: LexicallyDeclaredNames

14.8.10 Static Semantics: LexicallyScopedDeclarations

14.8.11 Static Semantics: VarDeclaredNames

14.8.12 Static Semantics: VarScopedDeclarations

14.8.13 Runtime Semantics: IteratorBindingInitialization

With parameters iteratorRecord and environment.

AsyncArrowBindingIdentifier : BindingIdentifier
  1. Assert: iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is false.
  2. Let next be IteratorStep(iteratorRecord).
  3. If next is an abrupt completion, set iteratorRecord.[[Done]] to true.
  4. ReturnIfAbrupt(next).
  5. If next is false, set iteratorRecord.[[Done]] to true.
  6. Else,
    1. Let v be IteratorValue(next).
    2. If v is an abrupt completion, set iteratorRecord.[[Done]] to true.
    3. ReturnIfAbrupt(v).
  7. If iteratorRecord.[[Done]] is true, let v be undefined.
  8. Return the result of performing BindingInitialization for BindingIdentifier using v and environment as the arguments.

14.8.14 Runtime Semantics: EvaluateBody

With parameters functionObject and List argumentsList.

AsyncConciseBody : AssignmentExpression
  1. Let promiseCapability be ! NewPromiseCapability(%Promise%).
  2. Let declResult be FunctionDeclarationInstantiation(functionObject, argumentsList).
  3. If declResult is not an abrupt completion, then
    1. Perform ! AsyncFunctionStart(promiseCapability, AssignmentExpression).
  4. Else declResult is an abrupt completion,
    1. Perform ! Call(promiseCapability.[[Reject]], undefined, « declResult.[[Value]] »).
  5. Return Completion { [[Type]]: return, [[Value]]: promiseCapability.[[Promise]], [[Target]]: empty }.
 AsyncConciseBody : { AsyncFunctionBody }
  1. Return the result of EvaluateBody of AsyncFunctionBody passing functionObject and argumentsList as the arguments.

14.8.15 Runtime Semantics: NamedEvaluation

With parameter name.

AsyncArrowFunction : async AsyncArrowBindingIdentifier => AsyncConciseBody AsyncArrowFunction : CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead => AsyncConciseBody
  1. Let closure be the result of evaluating this AsyncArrowFunction.
  2. Perform SetFunctionName(closure, name).
  3. Return closure.

14.8.16 Runtime Semantics: Evaluation

AsyncArrowFunction : async AsyncArrowBindingIdentifier => AsyncConciseBody
  1. If the function code for this AsyncArrowFunction is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise, let strict be false.
  2. Let scope be the LexicalEnvironment of the running execution context.
  3. Let parameters be AsyncArrowBindingIdentifier.
  4. Let closure be ! AsyncFunctionCreate(Arrow, parameters, AsyncConciseBody, scope, strict).
  5. Return closure.
 AsyncArrowFunction : CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead => AsyncConciseBody
  1. If the function code for this AsyncArrowFunction is strict mode code, let strict be true. Otherwise, let strict be false.
  2. Let scope be the LexicalEnvironment of the running execution context.
  3. Let head be CoveredAsyncArrowHead of CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead.
  4. Let parameters be the ArrowFormalParameters of head.
  5. Let closure be ! AsyncFunctionCreate(Arrow, parameters, AsyncConciseBody, scope, strict).
  6. Return closure.

14.9 Tail Position Calls

14.9.1 Static Semantics: IsInTailPosition ( call )

The abstract operation IsInTailPosition with argument call performs the following steps:

  1. Assert: call is a Parse Node.
  2. If the source code matching call is non-strict code, return false.
  3. If call is not contained within a FunctionBody, ConciseBody, or AsyncConciseBody, return false.
  4. Let body be the FunctionBody, ConciseBody, or AsyncConciseBody that most closely contains call.
  5. If body is the FunctionBody of a GeneratorBody, return false.
  6. If body is the FunctionBody of an AsyncFunctionBody, return false.
  7. If body is the FunctionBody of an AsyncGeneratorBody, return false.
  8. If body is an AsyncConciseBody, return false.
  9. Return the result of HasCallInTailPosition of body with argument call.
 Note

Tail Position calls are only defined in strict mode code because of a common non-standard language extension (see 9.2.9) that enables observation of the chain of caller contexts.

14.9.2 Static Semantics: HasCallInTailPosition

With parameter call.

Note

call is a Parse Node that represents a specific range of source text. When the following algorithms compare call to another Parse Node, it is a test of whether they represent the same source text.

14.9.2.1 Statement Rules

ConciseBody : AssignmentExpression
  1. Return HasCallInTailPosition of AssignmentExpression with argument call.
 StatementList : StatementList StatementListItem
  1. Let has be HasCallInTailPosition of StatementList with argument call.
  2. If has is true, return true.
  3. Return HasCallInTailPosition of StatementListItem with argument call.
 FunctionStatementList : [empty] StatementListItem : Declaration Statement : VariableStatement EmptyStatement ExpressionStatement ContinueStatement BreakStatement ThrowStatement DebuggerStatement Block : { } ReturnStatement : return ; LabelledItem : FunctionDeclaration IterationStatement : for ( LeftHandSideExpression of AssignmentExpression ) Statement for ( var ForBinding of AssignmentExpression ) Statement for ( ForDeclaration of AssignmentExpression ) Statement CaseBlock : { }
  1. Return false.
 IfStatement : if ( Expression ) Statement else Statement
  1. Let has be HasCallInTailPosition of the first Statement with argument call.
  2. If has is true, return true.
  3. Return HasCallInTailPosition of the second Statement with argument call.
 IfStatement : if ( Expression ) Statement IterationStatement : do Statement while ( Expression ) ; while ( Expression ) Statement for ( Expressionopt ; Expressionopt ; Expressionopt ) Statement for ( var VariableDeclarationList ; Expressionopt ; Expressionopt ) Statement for ( LexicalDeclaration Expressionopt ; Expressionopt ) Statement for ( LeftHandSideExpression in Expression ) Statement for ( var ForBinding in Expression ) Statement for ( ForDeclaration in Expression ) Statement WithStatement : with ( Expression ) Statement
  1. Return HasCallInTailPosition of Statement with argument call.
 LabelledStatement : LabelIdentifier : LabelledItem
  1. Return HasCallInTailPosition of LabelledItem with argument call.
 ReturnStatement : return Expression ;
  1. Return HasCallInTailPosition of Expression with argument call.
 SwitchStatement : switch ( Expression ) CaseBlock
  1. Return HasCallInTailPosition of CaseBlock with argument call.
 CaseBlock : { CaseClausesopt DefaultClause CaseClausesopt }
  1. Let has be false.
  2. If the first CaseClauses is present, let has be HasCallInTailPosition of the first CaseClauses with argument call.
  3. If has is true, return true.
  4. Let has be HasCallInTailPosition of the DefaultClause with argument call.
  5. If has is true, return true.
  6. If the second CaseClauses is present, let has be HasCallInTailPosition of the second CaseClauses with argument call.
  7. Return has.
 CaseClauses : CaseClauses CaseClause
  1. Let has be HasCallInTailPosition of CaseClauses with argument call.
  2. If has is true, return true.
  3. Return HasCallInTailPosition of CaseClause with argument call.
 CaseClause : case Expression : StatementListopt DefaultClause : default : StatementListopt
  1. If StatementList is present, return HasCallInTailPosition of StatementList with argument call.
  2. Return false.
 TryStatement : try Block Catch
  1. Return HasCallInTailPosition of Catch with argument call.
 TryStatement : try Block Finally TryStatement : try Block Catch Finally
  1. Return HasCallInTailPosition of Finally with argument call.
 Catch : catch ( CatchParameter ) Block
  1. Return HasCallInTailPosition of Block with argument call.

14.9.2.2 Expression Rules

Note

A potential tail position call that is immediately followed by return GetValue of the call result is also a possible tail position call. Function calls cannot return reference values, so such a GetValue operation will always return the same value as the actual function call result.

 AssignmentExpression : YieldExpression ArrowFunction AsyncArrowFunction LeftHandSideExpression = AssignmentExpression LeftHandSideExpression AssignmentOperator AssignmentExpression BitwiseANDExpression : BitwiseANDExpression & EqualityExpression BitwiseXORExpression : BitwiseXORExpression ^ BitwiseANDExpression BitwiseORExpression : BitwiseORExpression | BitwiseXORExpression EqualityExpression : EqualityExpression == RelationalExpression EqualityExpression != RelationalExpression EqualityExpression === RelationalExpression EqualityExpression !== RelationalExpression RelationalExpression : RelationalExpression < ShiftExpression RelationalExpression > ShiftExpression RelationalExpression <= ShiftExpression RelationalExpression >= ShiftExpression RelationalExpression instanceof ShiftExpression RelationalExpression in ShiftExpression ShiftExpression : ShiftExpression << AdditiveExpression ShiftExpression >> AdditiveExpression ShiftExpression >>> AdditiveExpression AdditiveExpression : AdditiveExpression + MultiplicativeExpression AdditiveExpression - MultiplicativeExpression MultiplicativeExpression : MultiplicativeExpression MultiplicativeOperator ExponentiationExpression ExponentiationExpression : UpdateExpression ** ExponentiationExpression UpdateExpression : LeftHandSideExpression ++ LeftHandSideExpression -- ++ UnaryExpression -- UnaryExpression UnaryExpression : delete UnaryExpression void UnaryExpression typeof UnaryExpression + UnaryExpression - UnaryExpression ~ UnaryExpression ! UnaryExpression AwaitExpression CallExpression : SuperCall CallExpression [ Expression ] CallExpression . IdentifierName NewExpression : new NewExpression MemberExpression : MemberExpression [ Expression ] MemberExpression . IdentifierName SuperProperty MetaProperty new MemberExpression Arguments PrimaryExpression : this IdentifierReference Literal ArrayLiteral ObjectLiteral FunctionExpression ClassExpression GeneratorExpression AsyncFunctionExpression AsyncGeneratorExpression RegularExpressionLiteral TemplateLiteral
  1. Return false.
 Expression : AssignmentExpression Expression , AssignmentExpression
  1. Return HasCallInTailPosition of AssignmentExpression with argument call.
 ConditionalExpression : LogicalORExpression ? AssignmentExpression : AssignmentExpression
  1. Let has be HasCallInTailPosition of the first AssignmentExpression with argument call.
  2. If has is true, return true.
  3. Return HasCallInTailPosition of the second AssignmentExpression with argument call.
 LogicalANDExpression : LogicalANDExpression && BitwiseORExpression
  1. Return HasCallInTailPosition of BitwiseORExpression with argument call.
 LogicalORExpression : LogicalORExpression || LogicalANDExpression
  1. Return HasCallInTailPosition of LogicalANDExpression with argument call.
 CallExpression : CoverCallExpressionAndAsyncArrowHead CallExpression Arguments CallExpression TemplateLiteral
  1. If this CallExpression is call, return true.
  2. Return false.
 MemberExpression : MemberExpression TemplateLiteral
  1. If this MemberExpression is call, return true.
  2. Return false.
 PrimaryExpression : CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList
  1. Let expr be CoveredParenthesizedExpression of CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList.
  2. Return HasCallInTailPosition of expr with argument call.
 ParenthesizedExpression : ( Expression )
  1. Return HasCallInTailPosition of Expression with argument call.

14.9.3 Runtime Semantics: PrepareForTailCall ( )

The abstract operation PrepareForTailCall performs the following steps:

  1. Let leafContext be the running execution context.
  2. Suspend leafContext.
  3. Pop leafContext from the execution context stack. The execution context now on the top of the stack becomes the running execution context.
  4. Assert: leafContext has no further use. It will never be activated as the running execution context.

A tail position call must either release any transient internal resources associated with the currently executing function execution context before invoking the target function or reuse those resources in support of the target function.

Note

For example, a tail position call should only grow an implementation's activation record stack by the amount that the size of the target function's activation record exceeds the size of the calling function's activation record. If the target function's activation record is smaller, then the total size of the stack should decrease.