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ECMA-262, 12th, ES2021

ECMA-262, 18th, ES2027 draft
ECMA-262, 17th, ES2026 candidate
ECMA-262, 16th, ES2025
ECMA-262, 15th, ES2024
ECMA-262, 14th, ES2023
ECMA-262, 13th, ES2022
ECMA-262, 12th, ES2021
ECMA-262, 11th, ES2020
ECMA-262, 10th, ES2019
ECMA-262, 9th, ES2018
ECMA-262, 8th, ES2017
ECMA-262, 7th, ES2016
ECMA-262, 6th, ES2015
ECMA-262, 5.1 Edition, June 2011
ECMA-262, 3rd Edition, December 1999
ECMA-262, 2nd Edition, August 1998
ECMA-262, 1st Edition, June 1997

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Full read · ~18h 27m

Introduction7 min
1 Scope1 min
2 Conformance1 min
3 Normative References1 min
4 Overview17 min
5 Notational Conventions25 min
6 ECMAScript Data Types and Values1h 8m
7 Abstract Operations40 min
8 Syntax-Directed Operations40 min
9 Executable Code and Execution Contexts59 min
10 Ordinary and Exotic Objects Behaviours1h 12m
11 ECMAScript Language: Source Code10 min
12 ECMAScript Language: Lexical Grammar39 min
13 ECMAScript Language: Expressions52 min
14 ECMAScript Language: Statements and Declarations36 min
15 ECMAScript Language: Functions and Classes39 min
16 ECMAScript Language: Scripts and Modules42 min
17 Error Handling and Language Extensions4 min
18 ECMAScript Standard Built-in Objects5 min
19 The Global Object20 min
20 Fundamental Objects36 min
21 Numbers and Dates1h 10m
22 Text Processing1h 41m
23 Indexed Collections1h 22m
24 Keyed Collections25 min
25 Structured Data52 min
26 Managing Memory5 min
27 Control Abstraction Objects1h
28 Reflection5 min
29 Memory Model21 min
Annex A (informative) Grammar Summary21 min
Annex B (normative) Additional ECMAScript Features for Web Browsers34 min
Annex C (informative) The Strict Mode of ECMAScript3 min
Annex D (informative) Host Layering Points1 min
Annex E (informative) Corrections and Clarifications in ECMAScript 2015 with Possible Compatibility Impact2 min
Annex F (informative) Additions and Changes That Introduce Incompatibilities with Prior Editions9 min
Annex G (informative) Colophon1 min
Annex H (informative) Bibliography1 min
Glossary

1 Scope

This Standard defines the ECMAScript 2021 general-purpose programming language.

Introduction 2 Conformance

~1% through

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About2026 © ECMA-262 Restyled

ECMA-262, 18th, ES2027 draft ECMA-262, 17th, ES2026 candidate ECMA-262, 16th, ES2025 ECMA-262, 15th, ES2024 ECMA-262, 14th, ES2023 ECMA-262, 13th, ES2022 ECMA-262, 12th, ES2021 ECMA-262, 11th, ES2020 ECMA-262, 10th, ES2019

ECMA-262, 9th, ES2018 ECMA-262, 8th, ES2017 ECMA-262, 7th, ES2016 ECMA-262, 6th, ES2015 ECMA-262, 5.1 Edition, June 2011 ECMA-262, 3rd Edition, December 1999 ECMA-262, 2nd Edition, August 1998 ECMA-262, 1st Edition, June 1997